Breaking waves: Bifurcations leading to a singular wave state
نویسندگان
چکیده
We examine free surface wave singularities that show a violent focusing of energy. Periodic, modulated, and frequency locked wave states lead to a state with fluid spikes. When the excitation of free surface waves exceeds a well defined threshold, the waves break leading to a low-dimensional aperiodic state with spikes, droplet ejection, and air entrainment. Return maps formed from wave height measurements lead to a lowdimensional model of the dynamics. Surprisingly, only a slight increase in power dissipation is observed past the transition to ejecting waves. @S1063-651X~97!10909-6#
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تاریخ انتشار 1997